《養(yǎng)殖池塘底質(zhì)管理》學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)開始啦！！！（陸續(xù)更新中）

蟲子的悲哀

      不久前，分享了一本簡易手冊(cè)——美國奧本大學(xué)漁業(yè)和水產(chǎn)聯(lián)合部出版的《養(yǎng)殖池塘底質(zhì)管理》   ，跟帖關(guān)注的人也比較多，都反映一個(gè)問題，這本手冊(cè)居然英文版的，很多人只能望而卻步，進(jìn)來溜達(dá)一下看到是英文版的就走了。
      林文輝是珠江水產(chǎn)研究所的研究員，主要從事水產(chǎn)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的研究（水化學(xué)、底質(zhì)氧化還原電位等），翻譯了奧本大學(xué)Boyd教授的池塘養(yǎng)殖水質(zhì)、池塘養(yǎng)殖底質(zhì)兩本書，主要介紹水化學(xué)和底質(zhì)的內(nèi)容。而這本《養(yǎng)殖池塘低質(zhì)管理》就是由奧本大學(xué)Boyd教授等人編寫。林文輝翻譯的《池塘養(yǎng)殖水質(zhì)》《池塘養(yǎng)殖底質(zhì)》這兩本書稀缺，很多人都沒見過其真容，網(wǎng)上更無這兩本書的電子版。有人問我是否有這兩本書，當(dāng)然沒有，故上網(wǎng)搜索Boyd教授的大作，《池塘養(yǎng)殖水質(zhì)》《池塘養(yǎng)殖底質(zhì)》這兩本英文電子版的尚有，但不完整，有幸我找到了《養(yǎng)殖池塘底質(zhì)管理》這本小手冊(cè)與大家分享。可惜的是這本手冊(cè)是英文版的，而我英文水平有限以及翻譯要花大量時(shí)間，故不能翻譯給大家，故今日想到一辦法。我把手冊(cè)上的內(nèi)容一頁一頁貼上來，大家一起翻譯，一起學(xué)習(xí)，如何？？？？
       下面全民學(xué)英語活動(dòng)就正式開始拉？Are you ready?
第一頁：
                                                                                   INTRODUCTION

                 Water quality management has been considered one of themost important aspects of pond aquaculture for many years,but less attention has been given to the management of pondbottom soil quality. There is increasing evidence that thecondition of pond bottoms and the exchange of substances between soil and water strongly influence water quality(Boyd, 1995). More attention is being devoted to the study of pond soils, and practical aquaculturists are beginning to seek information on pond bottom management.
               The purpose of this small manual is to provide a practicalguide to the management of aquaculture pond soils.

                                                   POND SOILS
Development
              During pond construction, surface soil in the area to become the pond bottom usually is scraped off and used as earth fill for embankments. The newly finished pond bottom normally is subsoil low in concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. In tropical and subtropical areas with highly leached soils, pond bottoms often are high in clay content and of low pH.After filling with water, various processes begin to transform the bottom of a new pond into a pond soil. Erosion of the watershed results in suspended particles of mineral soil and organic matter entering a pond in runoff. Wave action, rainfall, and water currents from mechanical aeration erode embankments and shallow edges to suspend soil particles. In addition,nutrients added to ponds in fertilizers, manures, and feeds cause phytoplankton blooms that increase the concentration of suspended organic particles. Suspended particles settle in ponds with large sand particles settling first, followed by

  接下來，就看大家了，趕緊動(dòng)眼動(dòng)腦動(dòng)手，把它翻譯過來或主要內(nèi)容總結(jié)出來！！！！！！！！！！

蟲子的悲哀

        等了這么久，也沒人來參加翻譯，{:soso_e150:}。
       我就來翻譯一下吧，不知準(zhǔn)不準(zhǔn)確。大家覺得哪里翻譯有錯(cuò)的，盡量提出來哈！！

                                                                                        前言
       多年來，水質(zhì)管理一直被認(rèn)為是池塘養(yǎng)殖 中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)，然而對(duì)池塘底質(zhì)管理問題關(guān)注甚少。越來越多的證據(jù)顯示，池塘底部狀況以及底泥與水體界面之間的物質(zhì)交換對(duì)養(yǎng)殖水體有著很大的影響（Boyd,1995）.人們對(duì)池塘底泥越來越關(guān)注，養(yǎng)殖專家們也開始從池塘底質(zhì)管理中尋找更多有利信息。
       這本小手冊(cè)可為大家提供養(yǎng)殖池塘底質(zhì)管理的實(shí)際指導(dǎo)。
                                                                                        塘泥
塘泥的形成：
       在建造池塘?xí)r，土地表層土壤被挖去用作塘堤土方。新建的池塘底部通常缺乏有機(jī)物和營養(yǎng)成分。在熱帶及亞熱帶淋溶土分布地區(qū)，池塘底部常常含有豐富的粘土而且底部泥土PH也較低。
       新塘灌水后，各種反應(yīng)作用下使新塘底部形成塘泥。水流的侵蝕使礦質(zhì)土中的懸浮顆粒和有機(jī)物質(zhì)溶入池塘水體。波浪作用、降雨以及機(jī)械曝氣產(chǎn)生的水流不斷侵蝕塘堤和淺水邊緣使土壤微粒懸浮在水體中。隨后，通過施肥、投料增加水體營養(yǎng)成分使浮游植物開始生長，水體中有機(jī)懸浮顆粒含量因此逐漸增多。剛開始時(shí)，有機(jī)懸浮顆粒伴隨大沙粒進(jìn)入池塘，隨后，成為粉砂級(jí)顆粒，最后變?yōu)檎惩令w粒進(jìn)而完全被降解為小分子有機(jī)顆粒。

fishfirst

支持支持！！！！

一定要大力支持！

支持的童鞋獎(jiǎng)20金幣哦！

蟲子的悲哀

第二頁：

silt-sized particles, and finally clay particles and fine-divided organic matter. The names and sizes of soil particle classes are provided in Table 1. Water currents and activity of fish and other organisms continually resuspend particles from the bottom, and these particles settle again. Boyd (1976, 1977) reported that continuous input, deposition, resuspension, and redeposition of particles in a pond result in a sorting of particles with the fine clay and organic matter particles settling in the deeper water and the coarser particles settling in shallower water (Figure 1). Deeper areas gradually fill in, and ponds may decrease in volume. Sediment thickness in deep areas of aquaculture ponds usually increases at 0.5 to 1 cm yr-1(Munsiri et al., 1995; Tepe and Boyd, unpublished data).
         Organic matter settles to the bottom and is decomposed by microorganisms. Easily decomposable organic matter, such as simple carbohydrates, protein, and other cellular constituents, is quickly degraded. More resistant material, such as complex
carbohydrates and other cell wall components, accumulates because it is degraded slowly. There is a continuous input of organic matter to the bottom, so microorganisms are continuallydecomposing both fresh, easily degradable (labile)

戀水漁翁

蟲子的悲哀 發(fā)表于 2012-5-31 09:10
等了這么久，也沒人來參加翻譯，。
       我就來翻譯一下吧，不知準(zhǔn)不準(zhǔn)確。大家覺 ...

樓主是有道翻譯的么？呵呵，挺不錯(cuò)的，能夠邊研究邊學(xué)，這讓我想起了若干年前的老一輩水產(chǎn)人，在沒有漢語版的情況下，自己拿著一本破英漢字典在那昏暗的燈光下翻譯，并記錄！
這種精神，我是很佩服的！
愿你一路順利！加油！堅(jiān)持！頂一個(gè)！

藍(lán)藻毒

支持 支持   大力贊揚(yáng)樓主的精神，，我們這些文盲有救了，

蟲子的悲哀

第二頁翻譯：
根據(jù)沙粒大小可把沙粒分為不同種類，詳情見表1.

水流運(yùn)動(dòng)以及池塘中魚和其他動(dòng)物的運(yùn)動(dòng)不斷使池底粘土再次懸浮，然后有沉淀。Boyd (1976, 1977)研究表明，水體中懸浮顆粒的連續(xù)不斷的輸入、沉積，再懸浮，再沉積使得粘土和有機(jī)顆粒沉入更深的底部，而較大的沙粒往往沉淀到淺水區(qū)（見圖1）。深水區(qū)池底逐漸被淤泥覆蓋，池塘容積縮小。池塘中沉積物以每年0.5~1cm的厚度增加（Munsiri 等1995; Tepe和Boyd, 未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù)）。

  有機(jī)物沉淀到池底被微生物分解。易分解的有機(jī)物，如簡單的碳水化合物、蛋白質(zhì)和其他細(xì)胞成分很快被分解。那些耐腐蝕性的物質(zhì)，如復(fù)雜碳水化合物和其他細(xì)胞壁成分由于分解緩慢而沉積。由于不斷有新的有機(jī)物進(jìn)入池塘底部，因此微生物不僅要不停地分解新的、易分解的有機(jī)物，而且還要分解以前舊的耐降解的有機(jī)物。

蟲子的悲哀

第三頁（這頁大家來翻譯）：
          Because there is a more or less continuous resuspension and redeposition of particles and stirring of the surface sediment by fish and other organisms, the organic matter becomes rather uniformly mixed in the upper layer of sediment. Nevertheless,there usually is a layer of fresh organic matter at the sediment surface that has not been completely mixed into the sediment. Organic matter concentration usually is greatest near the sediment surface (Munsiri et al., 1995). The ratio of labile organic matter to refractory organic matter also is greatest near the sediment surface (Sonnenholzner and Boyd, 2000).Organic matter concentrations in pond soils do not continue to increase indefinitely. If aquaculture practices—e.g., species; stocking, fertilization, and feeding rates; water exchange;amount of mechanical aeration; and treatment of fallowbottom between crops—remain about the same, the annual input of organic matter and rate of organic matter decomposition also will remain about the same (Avnimelech et al., 1984;Boyd, 1995).

看什么看，趕緊翻譯！！！！

蟲子的悲哀

翻譯有獎(jiǎng)，大家快來！！

xibeiyd

支持樓主，學(xué)習(xí)的好地方

xibeiyd

蟲子的悲哀 發(fā)表于 2012-5-31 16:03
第三頁（這頁大家來翻譯）：
          Because there is a more or less continuous resuspension and re ...

因?yàn)橛幸恍┎粩鄳腋『统练e的顆粒，以及魚類和其他生物對(duì)表層沉積物的攪拌，所以上層沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)變得相當(dāng)均勻混合。然而,通常會(huì)有一層新鮮的有機(jī)物質(zhì)在沉積物表面,并未完全混合成沉積物。有機(jī)物質(zhì)濃度通常是最大的沉積物表面附近(Munsiri et al., 1995)活性有機(jī)質(zhì)與難降解有機(jī)物的比例也是在沉積物表面附近最大。(Sonnenholzner and Boyd, 2000)池塘土壤中的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量不能無限地增加下去。如果養(yǎng)殖活動(dòng)穩(wěn)定的話，例如，養(yǎng)殖品種;存塘量，施肥，投飼率;換水;增氧;和底部植物休整保持大致相同，每年投入的有機(jī)物和有機(jī)物的分解率也將保持大致相同(Avnimelech et al., 1984;Boyd, 1995).

軟件翻譯，如有不妥，敬請(qǐng)諒解！

蟲子的悲哀

第四頁（最近忙著復(fù)習(xí)考試，大家?guī)兔Ψ�譯下）：
       New ponds usually have little organic matter in bottom soil, and the labile organic matter added each year will largely decompose, while a considerable proportion of refractory organic matter will accumulate (Boyd, 1995). Over a fairly short period, often only four or five crops, organic matter in the soil will reach a high enough concentration that the annualrate of decomposition of organic matter will equal the an nual input of organic matter. At this time, equilibrium will occur and soil organic matter concentrations will remain about the same from year to year.
        Dissolved oxygen cannot enter rapidly in bottom soil because it must diffuse through the tiny, water-filled pore spacesamong soil particles. At a depth of only a few millimeters below the soil surface, the demand for dissolved oxygen by microorganisms will exceed the rate that dissolved oxygen can move to that particular depth, and anaerobic conditions will develop. The oxidized (aerobic) layer of surface sediment will have a lighter color than the deeper, reduced (anaerobic) sediment. The anaerobic sediment usually will be gray or black, and this color results from the presence of ferrous iron.

lijiepascal

哥們，我服你了。
真的翻譯出來了，我一般就是看，不想翻譯。{:soso_e179:}

多翻譯吧，促進(jìn)大家成長

lijiepascal

lijiepascal 發(fā)表于 2012-6-6 17:41
哥們，我服你了。
真的翻譯出來了，我一般就是看，不想翻譯。

上班族，你理解哈
時(shí)間不固定

蝦兵魚將

我預(yù)計(jì)這個(gè)帖子會(huì)太監(jiān)  翻譯不會(huì)超過50頁   哈哈

蟲子的悲哀

蝦兵魚將 發(fā)表于 2012-6-11 17:19
我預(yù)計(jì)這個(gè)帖子會(huì)太監(jiān)  翻譯不會(huì)超過50頁   哈哈

大蝦，支持一下嘛，幫忙翻譯一頁

早晨的海

New ponds usually have little organic matter in bottom soil, and the labile organic matter added each year will largely decompose, while a considerable proportion of refractory organic matter will accumulate (Boyd, 1995). Over a fairly short period,

新池塘通常有小有機(jī)物在底部的土壤,和不安定有機(jī)物每年增加將很大程度上分解,盡管有相當(dāng)比例的難降解有機(jī)物質(zhì)將積累(博伊德,1995)。相當(dāng)短時(shí)間內(nèi),

早晨的海

often only four or five crops, organic matter in the soil will reach a high enough concentration that the annualrate of decomposition of organic matter will equal the an nual input of organic matter. At this time, equilibrium will occur and soil organic matter. At this time, equilibrium will occur and soil organic matter concentrations will remain about the same from year to year.



通常只有四或五作物、土壤中的有機(jī)物將達(dá)到足夠高的濃度,annualrate的分解有機(jī)物將等于一個(gè)nual輸入的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。在這個(gè)時(shí)候,平衡會(huì)發(fā)生和土壤有機(jī)物質(zhì)。在這個(gè)時(shí)候,平衡會(huì)發(fā)生和土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)濃度保持不變年復(fù)一年。

蟲子的悲哀

早晨的海 發(fā)表于 2012-6-22 10:27
New ponds usually have little organic matter in bottom soil, and the labile organic matter added eac ...

這位新手，是誰呢？感謝幫助呀！！

早晨的海

我們都是養(yǎng)殖朋友能幫上的就相互幫忙，共同致富為目標(biāo)。